Make sure the account(s) your calendar is linked to can sync...
Start in Settings > email + accounts
Look for any account names that say they need attention. Try manual sync by holding down the account name and tapping "sync" from the popup menu. Tap an account name and verify that it is set to sync to calendar app.
If this fails to spot the problem, try a Soft Reset by holding down the Power + Volume Down buttons until your phone vibrates and reboots (about 10 seconds). You don't lose data, but it clears out system memory. Last resort; make a back up and go to Settings > about > reset your phone.