FYI, today I was having this exact same problem after getting a replacement 928 from VZW. My "Black" update details were slightly different between the two phones as the OP described. I also couldn't reinstall any of my apps from the WindowsPhone.com screen via my backup. I first installed SysApp Pusher as described above but that didn't seem to be exactly what I needed since it didn't look like it would fully address the update stuff AND my inability to reinstall apps from my WindowsPhone.com backup.
After searching on some Microsoft forums I ended up going back to WindowsPhone.com, clicking My Phone from the drop-down menu, then clicked the "Update" link that was showing beside my phone number. Even though my number hadn't actually changed, I entered it again and I guess Microsoft's system then connected to my new/replacement phone and associated that phone with my MS account, so THEN it could send the apps to my phone and I saw the pending installations start showing up on my phone App List right away. It also seemed to reinstall Glance, Extras & Info, and the alphabetical options in the App List (so you can click on a letter to see all that apps that start with that letter).
Hopefully this will do the trick but I'll post up if it doesn't.
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