Windows 10 has the WP8.1/W10M swipe keyboard, starting with the Fall Creators Update.
Assuming you are talking about Windows 10 on desktop, you can get third-party keyboards. The default keyboard is actually just a normal app, that runs in the background. A third-party app can do the same thing, although these aren't really popular anymore (they used to be, back on Vista and 7).
The default keyboard does have a number of different layouts, including the normal keyboard, one that emulates a full-size desktop keyboard (with function keys and everything), the mobile/swipe keyboard, a split layout, the handwriting panel, and a dictation panel (which can be used with or without the other layouts).