There are actually a couple of different keyboards other than what you normally see. Here they are, including the one you see above, and how to access them.
For the first one, go to your settings and turn on "add the standard keyboard layout as a touch keyboard option". Here is the settings menu:
Here is the regular keyboard for comparison:
The switch keyboard button now includes four options:
If you choose the new one, you see this keyboard:
Now for the keyboard above, it is also enabled through settings, but at a different location. Turn on the On-Screen Keyboard and you see this keyboard appear:
As for shortcuts to the on-screen keyboard, I am not aware of any. Maybe someone else is?