I fear I'm dealing with the same issue and I've been tinkering for two days now.
All changes I make to the calendar on my phone are not synced, yet the changes I make on Outlook.com or any of the desktop apps do show there and the respective other interfaces. A change to existing appointments on the phone will also not change the same entry elsewhere.
Occasionally I get an error message when manually syncing in the mail app. It says that it is currently not possible to connect to servername-m.hotmail.com, it then lists the calendar entries that it could not sync and it ends with an error code: 80072F30. This message I appear to get at random moments with irregular intervals and only sporadically (3-4 times so far). My internet connection is fine, both on Wi-Fi and my operator, email syncs fine as well.
To resolve the issue I did a soft reset. Also I changed my password hoping to log off on all my devices that use my Microsoft account. In order to get my phone synced up again, I also changed the server in my account settings, hoping it would force to pair up properly when adding the right server address again. Sadly, this did not work either.
I?ve been googling for days searching for errors and similar descriptions, but apparently this code tends to show up only in regards to email?I?ve not found a solution, nor a caus.
I?m stuck with a calendar that has become an island in my otherwise so neatly organized Microsoft environment.
My Lumia 1520 runs Windows 8.1(version 8.10.14219.341).
I run the updated calendar app, it updated yesterday to version 1.0.15087. The issue occurred before and now still after the update.
EDIT:
I?ve also checked the time settings, I ordinarily use the automatic settings, but changed it to manual now and it has the correct date and time set.
EDIT2: I now get server validation errors on outlook.com when trying to add appointments. It won't allow me to add anything new.