How does this new laptop compare to the newest one from Apple's newest laptop?
In some ways you can see Microsoft's rationale in Windows 10 S. The Surface Laptop is irrelevant and actually a compromise in almost every way, but it's just a platform for MS to show off what this is really about - the operating system. This is what they really wanted Windows 10 to be from day 1, but couldn't. This is the next evolution of Windows 10, and will become the standard in the next 2-3 years. This will also be a logical boost for Win10S on ARM, as it's UWP only by default. By this I mean;
A subtle move away from win32, but still keeping it there if you want to pay for it (reminds me of what MS did with Media Center in Windows 8 as a way to say it's still there for a fee, but in reality, slowly strangle it)
A push towards the app store for casual users who don't want to pay the win32 tax, meaning MS take their 30% on sales and increase store revenue.
A nod to developers to say, look, a UWP only x86 device - get writing for UWP, or port your win32 apps over starting NOW
A boost for their own platforms, as out of the box, it's Bing and Edge only
A hefty nudge for MS services and ads, which will litter this O/S (it's essentially free to OEM's anyway)
A challenge to other big developers, saying if you want our customers to use your browsers - rewrite or port them to UWP, as it's the only way they'll be able to access your software.
A boost for education? Probably not. That's not really what this is about, but if they can get these things into schools, and kids get used to it, and use Bing/Edge all the time because they can't use anything else, that's what they get used to, and that's what they then look for when buying their own devices. They are tomorrows adults after all, with money to spend.
In many ways, MS really seem to have given this some thought. Everything they've tried up to this point with Win8/10 etc has failed. They've tried to push it in the direction they want it to go, but nobody is listening. This is probably one of the only things they've got left, and using Win10S is in some ways very clever, in others a huge gamble that could backfire, but at this stage, MS have little choice.