Unbranded an ATT 640 and while it did add Band 12 to the phone, a side by side comparison of a branded and unbranded version of the 640 on TMobile network produced no better reception based on RSSI field test numbers.
It does add wifi calling for those on TMo.
im not sure im reading your post right? are you saying a branded ATT phone side by side with an unbranded ATT phone? or an unbranded ATT phone side by side with a branded TMO phone?
either way were you verifying that it was using band 12? if band 4 gets good signal strength then it will stay on band 4 (band 4 is faster then band 12)
assuming you live somewhere band12 has been rolled out. try using it deep inside an office building, or deep basement (places TMO is famous for no signal) thats when the phone will swap to using band12.
edit to add:
band 12 has no advantage over other LTE bands other then the fact that since its a low freq it can penetrate much better, and travel farther distances. and for the most part no phone will use band 12 if any other faster LTE bands are available.
2nd edit to add:
for testing purposes you can force the phone to use band 12 by going into field test and disabling all other bands. if the phone is not able to get a signal then you know band 12 isn't available in your area OR band 12 doesn't work on your phone.