I succumbed to the back-up issue recently and just fixed it.
Background:
I have a Lumia 920 running Lumia Black with WP 8.1 Update, firmware 3051.40000.1349.0007; Back-up always auto on and backing up; last recorded back-up to 18 September (the phone indicates this); running Developer Preview and have the 0x80188308 issue (two months of meaningless communication from Microsoft!).
In the last few days I've had the same error message as everyone else and my phone stops at 97%. Looked on OneDrive and it said last update was 10 minutes ago. This is at odds with what the phone says (last Thursday which is 18 September). Question - is the back-up on OneDrive a full back-up or not? Kept trying to manually back-up over last few days but always same outcome with error message. Not sure (as didn't look into) whether auto back-up was running properly and saving to OneDrive - any thoughts?
Solution:
Read through this thread and did the following:
- changed Lock Screen background from Bing to Photo; chose the simple grainy blue background; tried Back-up and it failed
- took the big step to delete Back-up from OneDrive (using OneDrive on my Mac deleted this); then tried back-up and didn't work; scratched my head and looked at phone settings and realised deleting back-up had switched off Back-up function on phone; toggled this back on and ran manual back-up and it took longer than usual with some halts at various stages but completed without issue.
- Furthermore, I then changed the Lock Screen back to Bing and re-ran the Back-up and it worked.
Conclusion:
It look, given my experience, that deleting the back-up on OneDrive and then turning the Back-up settings back on (as they are cancelled on deletion of Back-up) fixed the problem. I cannot say that changing the Lock Screen image from Bing to simple, grainy blue Photo was also responsible as I did this prior to deletion of Back-up from OneDrive - I can say that with Bing Lock Screen (as I've always had it) chosen my Back-up is working.
Now, if Microsoft could communicate more we wouldn't be trawling the internet and discussing solutions to an OS we can't get into. And as always I hopeful every day that there will be a solution to the 0x80188308 error!